Abstract
Electrochemical energy storage systems play an increasingly important role in modern power systems by improving energy reliability, supporting renewable energy integration, and balancing electricity supply and demand. This review examines recent advances in electrochemical energy storage technologies, focusing on fabrication strategies, electrochemical performance, practical applications and economic considerations. The discussion covers rechargeable batteries, including lead-acid, nickel–metal hydride, zinc-based, sodium-ion, sodium–sulfur, and lithium-polymer batteries, as well as redox and hybrid flow batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and fuel cells. Recent developments in electrode modification, electrolyte engineering, nanostructured materials, biomass-derived carbon, membrane electrode assembly fabrication and cell architecture are evaluated. The reviewed studies show that optimized electrode composition, controlled pore structures, stable electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and improved reactant management can enhance device performance and durability. Simplified cell designs, low-cost precursors, reduced dependence on expensive catalysts, and longer service life also offer opportunities to lower energy storage costs.
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